Novel therapeutic processes for treating infectious agents by training or adoptive transfer of immune cells, and useful compositions therefor

ABSTRACT

This invention provides novel processes for therapeutic applications, including the treatment of subjects carrying infectious agents or having impaired autoimmunity or impaired immune condition. The therapeutic applications disclosed herein are also directed at the treatment of cancerous subjects with malignant tumors containing cancerous cells or malignant or cancerous cells. Vaccination processes for preventing infections in subjects are also provided. The novel processes comprise introducing into or adminstering to a subject one or more antigens, or trained or adopted immune cells. These antigens or immune cells are capable of establishing or increasing at least one first specific immune response and decreasing at least one second specific immune response. Such responses include components, such as cellular immune reaction elements, humoral immune reaction elements and cytokines, the latter also encompassing interferons and lymphokines. Useful compositions are also provided by this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of therapeutic processes andtherapeutic compositions, including treatments and compositions directedagainst infectious agents, cancerous conditions and immunity disorders.This invention also relates to therapeutic processes and compositions invaccination and immunization.

All patents, patent applications, patent publications, scientificarticles and the like, cited or identified in this application arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety in order to describemore fully the state of the art to which the present invention pertains.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antigenic stimulation of the immune system induces a series of reactionswhich can be mediated by immunological components such as the humoral,cellular or cytokine responses. The directionality of these reactionscan be considered to be of a reactive or suppressive nature. Forinstance, in the context of the present invention, an immune reaction isdefined as a response that specifically neutralizes, reduces oreliminates the presence of a specific antigen or set of antigens in asubject. In the context of the present invention, immune suppression isdefined as a response that specifically diminishes or reduces an immunereaction or has the capability of blocking an immune reaction from beinginitiated. Examples of humoral responses that may contribute to animmune reaction can comprise or not be limited to the production ofantibodies or proteins involved in complement fixation. Examples ofcellular responses that may contribute to an immune reaction cancomprise but not be limited to expansion of helper T cells, Naturalkiller (NK) cells, cytopathic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and B lymphocytes.Examples of cytokine responses that may contribute to an immune reactioncan comprise but not be limited to induction of IFN γ and IL-2. Examplesof humoral responses that may contribute to an immune suppressionreaction can comprise or not be limited to the production ofanti-idiotypic antibodies. Examples of cellular responses that maycontribute to an immune suppression reaction can comprise but not belimited to expansion of supressor T-cells. Examples of cytokineresponses that may contribute to an immune suppression reaction cancomprise but not be limited to induction of TGF β, IL-4 and IL-10

The stimulation or manipulation of the immune system can be achieved bythe introduction of an antigen or antigens that are foreign to thesubject. This reaction is a major source of the body's resistance tocolonialization by viral, bacterial or parasitic organisms. The absenceof this defense in immuno-compromised individuals has allowed what arecalled opportunistic infections i.e. infections by organisms that arenormally non-pathogenic. Examples of such individuals are patientsundergoing chemotherapy or transplantation, AIDS patients andindividuals with severe combined immune deficiency. Reactivity toforeign antigen sources is also the source of allergy immune reactions,i.e. immunostimulation caused by exposure to antigenic substancespresent in the environment including dust, pollen, hair and othermaterials.

Immune stimulation can also be induced by substances that are native tothe subject or are immunologically related to native antigens. Anillustrative example of this are antigens that provoke autoimmuneresponses. Since reactivity to the cells, tissues and organs that makeup an organism would be self-destructive, there is a system of controlover the induction of this form of immune reactions. The mechanism thatis most widely regarded as responsible for this self-limitation has beencalled clonal deletion. In this model, cells that are stimulated byself-antigens are selectively eliminated in a process that beginsshortly after birth. After a certain amount of time, the repertoire ofimmunogenic responses that remains is devoid of cells capable ofresponding to these native stimuli. Since clonal deletion is anirreversible process, the existence of auto-immunity has been ascribedto a limited number of cells that were unable to achieve a “threshold”level of stimulation by native antigens. Then at some later point inlife when clonal elimination processes were absent, an event or eventshave occurred that induced a heightened immune response to nativeantigens

Other example of an immune response to a native antigen is recognitionof tumor antigens. The “immune surveillance” theory proposes that duringthe course of a lifetime, potentially tumorogenic cells are constantlyarising, but they are recognized and purged by immune processes.Although proteins expressed by these cells are derived from the geneticinformation of the subject, recognition as antigens may still take placewhen they are mutated or inappropriately expressed in a subject. Growthof a tumor may then take place when there is somehow a breakdown in thissurveillance process.

Varying degrees of immune response to antigens are seen both in terms ofthe intrinsic nature of the particular antigens and also in terms of theindividual response of a subject to their presence. A given antigen maycomprise a single immunostimulatory epitope or it may comprise a numberof epitopes, each of which has its own potential level ofimmunostimulatory effect. Stimulatory activity of an antigen may also beincreased by the use of a supplementary treatment called an adjuvant.

The series of events created by the presence of a particular antigen ina subject is typically described in reviews and textbooks on Immunologyas leading to generation of a singular immune state. For example, inimmunization a specific humoral and/or cellular response against theimmunogen is induced. This “mono-static” view predicts mutuallyexclusive results of either a state of immune responsiveness or a stateof immune suppression. In prior art, attempts at alteration of apre-existing immune state are still of a unidirectional nature. Thesehave been used either for the purpose of extending or boosting aparticular immune response or leading to the reversal or suppression ofthe immune response. With reference to a particular immune target,either case is a change from one particular singular state to adifferent singular state. Thus, it would be predicted that treatmentsthat lead to reduction or elimination of any aspect of immune reactivitytowards a pathogen should result in allowance of further progression ineither expression or growth of the pathogen by releasing the pathogenfrom immune control. This point has been discussed previously in apending patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 08/808/629 filed Feb. 28, 1997which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, where it wassuggested that drug treatments suitable for the pathogen would have tobe used in conjunction with an immune therapy treatment. However, thedrawback of a need for such dual therapeutic or pathogen managementprocedures was considered to be outweighed by benefits that would beprovided by the reduction of immune responses that contribute to aspectsof the disease state. Examples of such undesirable immune derivedaspects are the inflammation and tissue destruction that are thehallmarks of chronic HBV and HCV infection. Thus, according to previousviews a decrease in undesirable immune reactivity should also induce adecrease in other immune responses that may be beneficial for thecontinued health of the subject.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The preent invention provides a treatment process for subjects, i.e., ahuman subject, carrying an infectious agent. The process comprisesintroducing into or administering to the subject one or more antigens.Such antigens are characterized in being capable of (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed against(i) the infectious agent, or (ii) cells infected with the infectiousagent, or (iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii). These antigens arefurther characterized in being capable of (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune reaction which is different from the firstspecific immune reaction (a)(1), the second specific immune reactionitself being directed toward (i) the infectious agent, or (ii) cellsinfected with the infectious agent; or (iii) uninfected cells; or (iv) acombination of any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) just mentioned.

The present invention also provides a process of treating a subjectcarrying an infectious agent. In this aspect of the invention, theprocess comprises the steps of (a) introducing into or administering tothe subject at least two different antigens, each of these antigensbeing capable of (1) establishing or increasing at least one firstspecific immune reaction directed against: (i) the infectious agent; or(ii) cells infected with the infectious agent; or (iii) a combination of(1)(i) and (1)(ii) just described. The antigens are further capable of(2) decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1). The secondspecific immune reaction is itself directed toward (i) the infectiousagent; or (ii) cells infected with the infectious agent; or (iii)uninfected cells; or (iv) a combination of any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and(2)(iii) just described.

Also provided by the present invention is a process of treating asubject carrying an infectious agent in which immune cells are usefullytrained or adopted. Here, the steps involve (a) removing immune cellsfrom said subject, (b) training or adopting said removed cells, (c)introducing into or administering to the subject the immune cells whichhave been trained or adopted, e.g., in vivo or in vitro. Such immunecells are capable of (1) establishing or increasing at least one firstspecific immune reaction directed against: (i) the infectious agent; or(ii) cells infected with the infectious agent; or (iii) a combination of(1)(i) and (1)(ii) just described. The immune cells are also capable of(2) decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1). The secondspecific immune reaction is directed toward: (i) the infectious agent;or (ii) cells infected with the infectious agent; or both of theforegoing.

Still provided by this invention is a process of treating a subjectcarrying an infectious agent, the process utilizing immune cells andmultiple steps. First, immune cells are removed from a trained donor, orfrom a naive donor wherein the immune cells have been trained in asurrogate or in vitro. Second, the removed immune cells are introducedinto or administered to the subject. These immune cells arecharacterized in being capable of (1) establishing or increasing atleast one first specific immune reaction directed against (i) theinfectious agent; or (ii) cells infected with the infectious agent; or(iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) just described. The immunecells are also capable of (2) decreasing at least one second specificimmune response which is different from the first specific immunereaction (a)(1). Here, the second specific immune response is directedtoward (i) the infectious agent; or (ii) cells infected with theinfectious agent; or (iii) uninfected cells; or (iv) a combination ofany of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) as just described. Finally, thesubject is managed, monitored or treated for graft-versus-hostcomplications.

Another process provided herein is a process for treating a canceroussubject who could have such cancer in the form of a tumor containingcancerous cells, or in the form of cancerous cells. This processcomprises the step or steps of (a) introducing into or administering tothe subject one or more specific antigens which are capable of twosignificant functions. First, these specific antigens are capable of (1)establishing or increasing at least one first specific immune reactiondirected against (i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii) cancerouscells; or (iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) just described.These specific antigens are also capable of (2)decreasing at least onesecond specific immune reaction which is different from the firstspecific immune reaction, in that the second specific immune reaction isdirected toward (i) any cancer associated antigens; or (ii) anycancerous cells; or (iii) any non-cancerous cells; or (iii) acombination of these last three elements.

Another useful process provided by this invention involves treating acancerous subject who has a tumor containing cancerous cells, or who hascancerous cells. Here, the process comprising the steps of (a) removingimmune cells from the cancerous subject, (b) training or adopting saidremoved cells, (c) introducing into or administering to said subjectsaid immune cells which have been rendered capable of (1) establishingor increasing at least one first specific immune reaction directedagainst (i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii) cancerous cells; or(iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) just described. The immunecells are further capable of (2) decreasing at least one second specificimmune reaction which is different from the first specific immunereaction (a)(1). This second specific immune reaction is directed toward(i) the cancer associated antigens; or (ii) the cancerous cells; or(iii) non-cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and(2)(iii) just described.

Another process provided herein is useful for treating a canceroussubject who has a tumor containing cancerous cells, or who has cancerouscells. This process comprises the first step of (a) removing immunecells from a trained donor, or from a naive donor wherein the immunecells have been trained in a surrogate or in vitro. The next stepinvolves (b) introducing into or administering to the subject the immunecells which were removed. The immune cells have been rendered capable of(1) establishing or increasing at least one first specific immunereaction directed against (i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii)cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) as justdescribed. The immune cells are further capable of (2) decreasing atleast one second specific immune response which is different from thefirst specific immune reaction (a)(1). The second specific immuneresponse is directed toward (i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii)cancerous cells; or (iii) non-cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of(2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) as just described. The next step of theprocess calls for (c) managing or treating the subject forgraft-versus-host complications.

Another process is provided for enhancing the immunized state of asubject vaccinated against an infectious agent. This process comprisesthe step or steps of (a) introducing into or administering to thesubject one or more specific antigens, such antigen or antigens beingcapable of (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specificimmune reaction directed against the infectious agent; and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1). The secondspecific immune reaction is directed toward (i) the infectious agent; or(ii) uninfected cells; or (iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) justdescribed.

Another process is useful for enhancing the immunized state of a subjectvaccinated against an infectious agent. Here, the process comprises thesteps of: (a) removing immune cells from the subject, (b) training oradopting the cells so removed, and (c) introducing into or administeringto the subject these immune cells which have been rendered capable oftwo significant biological functions. First, the immune cells arecapable of (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specificimmune reaction directed against the infectious agent; and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1). The secondspecific immune reaction is directed toward (i) the infectious agent; or(ii) uninfected cells; or (iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) asjust described.

Still yet another process is useful for enhancing the immunized state ofa subject vaccinated against an infectious agent. This process comprisesthe steps of (a) removing immune cells from a trained donor, or from anaive donor wherein the immune cells have been trained in a surrogate orin vitro, and (b) introducing into or administering to the subject theremoved immune cells which have been rendered capable of two significantbiological or immunological functions. First, these immune cells arecapable of (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specificimmune reaction directed against the infectious agent, and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from said the specific immune reaction (a)(1). This secondspecific immune reaction is directed toward (i) the infectious agent; or(ii) uninfected cells; or (iii) a combination of the last-describedelements, (2)(i) and (2)(ii). Another step in this process involves (c)managing or treating said subject for graft-versus-host complications.

Another process herein is useful for vaccinating a subject against aninfectious agent, this process comprising the steps of (a) introducinginto or administering to the subject one or more first antigens capableof establishing an immune response against the infectious agent; and (b)introducing into or administering to the subject one or more secondspecific antigens capable of: (1) establishing or increasing at leastone first specific immune reaction directed against the infectiousagent; and (2) decreasing at least one second specific immune reactionwhich is different from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1), thesecond specific immune reaction being directed toward (i) the infectiousagent; or (ii) uninfected cells; or both.

Yet another useful process is directed toward vaccinating a subjectagainst an infectious agent, the process comprising the steps of (a)introducing into or administering to the subject one or more firstantigens capable of establishing an immune response against theinfectious agent; and (b) introducing into or administering to thesubject immune cells capable of (1) establishing or increasing at leastone first specific immune reaction directed against the infectiousagent; and (2) decreasing at least one second specific immune reactionwhich is different from the first specific immune reaction (a)(1), thissecond specific immune reaction being directed toward (i) the infectiousagent; (ii) uninfected cells, or both. In this process, the immune cellshave been removed from the subject and otherwise trained or adoptedprior to the aforementioned introducing or administering step (b).

Another process for vaccinating a subject against an infectious agentcomprises the steps of (a) introducing into or administering to thesubject one or more first antigens capable of establishing an immuneresponse against the infectious agent, (b) introducing into oradministering to the subject immune cells capable of (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed againstthe infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least one second specificimmune reaction which is different from the first specific immunereaction (a)(1), the second specific immune reaction being directedtoward (i) the infectious agent; or (ii) uninfected cells, or both.Notably, prior to the introducing or administering step (b), the immunecells have been removed from a trained donor, or from a naive donorwherein the immune cells were trained in a surrogate or in vitro.Another step of this process calls for (c) managing or treating thesubject for graft-versus-host complications.

Also provided by the present invention are useful compositions ofmatter. These include the following a therapeutic composition of mattercomprising specific antigens capable of (1) establishing or increasingat least one first specific immune reaction directed against aninfectious agent of interest, cells infected with the infectious agent,or both, and (2) decreasing at least one second specific immune reactionwhich is different from the first specific immune reaction, the secondspecific immune reaction being directed toward the infectious agent,cells infected with the infectious agent, uninfected cells, or acombination of any of the infectious agent, the infected cells and theuninfected cells.

Another therapeutic composition of matter comprises trained or adoptedimmune cells capable of (1) establishing or increasing at least onefirst specific immune reaction directed against an infectious agent ofinterest, cells infected with the infectious agent, or both, and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from the first specific immune reaction, the second specificimmune reaction being directed toward the infectious agent, cellsinfected with the infectious agent, uninfected cells, or a combinationof any of the infectious agent, infected cells and uninfected cells.

Another therapeutic composition of matter comprises trained or adoptedimmune cells capable of (1) establishing or increasing at least onefirst specific immune reaction directed against cancer associatedantigens, cancerous cells, or a combination of the cancer associatedantigens and the cancerous cells; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from the first specificimmune reaction, the second specific immune reaction being directedtoward the cancer associated antigens; cancerous cells; non-cancerouscells; or a combination of cancer associated antigens, cancerous cellsand non-cancerous cells.

Further yet is a therapeutic composition of matter comprising trained oradopted immune cells capable of (1) establishing or increasing at leastone first specific immune reaction directed against cancer associatedantigens; cancerous cells; or a combination of such cancer associatedantigens and cancerous cells; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from the first specificimmune reaction (1), the second specific immune reaction being directedtoward the cancer associated antigens; cancerous cells, non-cancerouscells, and a combination of cancer associated antigens, cancerous cellsand non-cancerous cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the average levels of antibody production for each group ofdonors.

FIG. 2 shows the average tumor size at varying times for the differentexperimental groups of mice described in the examples.

FIG. 3 provides the average level of AFP at varying times for thedifferent experimental groups of mice described in the examples.

FIG. 4 presents the average weight at varying times for the differentexperimental groups of mice described in the examples.

FIG. 5 depicts the survival rate for the different experimental groupsof mice described in the examples.

FIG. 6 is a gel showing RT-PCR results for varying cytokines for thedifferent experimental groups of mice described in the examples.

FIG. 7 shows ELISA results for the average levels of IFN γ synthesis forthe different experimental groups of mice described in the examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides for novel methods and compositions thatwhen introduced into a subject having a particular immune state towardsa given immune target, can achieve a new state which exhibits not onlymore than one change in said state, but these changes are in more thanone direction. Such a dual or multi-faceted alteration in a given immunestate may lead to an overall enhancement of immune response towardsimmunological targets such as infectious agents or cancer cells.Furthermore, these methods and compositions may provide reduction orelimination of undesirable consequences in the initial immune statetowards the immune target.

A novel and unanticipated result of the present invention is thatintroduction of a viral antigen to an infected subject can achieve analteration of the immune state that comprises both a decrease in one ormore immune reactions towards antigens carried by the pathogen orrelated cellular targets and simultaneously a display of one or moreenhanced or increased specific immune reactions towards saidimmunological target. Prior art is incapable of either predicting orexplaining such a dual response. As described previously, prior artpredicts that the introduction of a viral antigen into an infectedsubject should lead to a single change in the immunological statetowards the infectious agent, either enhancement of the immune reactionor loss of immune reactivity.

The prior view that immune reactive state towards a particular immunetarget is not only monostatic but a given manipulation of immunologicalsystems that can change over state would only lead to a newimmunological state that again is monostatic. To put this in otherwords, in immunological processes that change, a given specific immuneare perceived or intended to be unidirectional in character; thus, theycould only lead to a single new immunological state (new response or noresponse).

The present invention provides novel methods and compositions that whenintroduced into a subject carrying an infectious agent having an immunestate directed towards the infectious agent, the said novel methods andcompositions are capable of producing a dual effect of a decrease orinversion of at least one component of the immune response towards anepitope or antigen carried by the infectious agent and simultaneouslyand in the opposite direction and enhancement or increase in the immuneresponse to an epitope or antigen of the same epitope. The decrease,inversion, enhancement or increase may be directed towards differentepitopes or antignes or they may be the same antigen. When they are thesame epitope or antigen the simultaneous presence is carried out bydifferent components of the immune reaction.

In contrast to this prediction, it has now been demonstrated that oralintroduction of HBV antigens into infected subjects simultaneously gaveindications of both a decrease in specific immune reactivity towards HBVantigens and related immunological targets such as hepatocytes and anincrease in other specific immune reactions towards HBV antigens. Thesimultaneous presence of these apparently antagonistic effects wasindependently measured by various parameters and components of theimmune system. For instance, evidence for a loss or diminishment ofimmune reactivity towards viral antigens in the subjects could beobserved by a decrease in enzyme activities (ALT and AST) and histologymarkers associated with liver inflammation and tissue destruction. Incontrast to previous views that would have predicted a proliferation ofviral activity when immune reactivity towards the immunological targetwas decreased, the subjects unexpectedly also showed evidence ofenhanced immune reactivity towards virus antigens. Markers thatdemonstrated the simultaneous presence of this surprising increase inthe specific immune response towards the virus included induction ofantigen-specific T cell proliferation responses, antiviral cytokinesynthesis (as measured by ELISA and RT-PCR assays of IFN γ) andantigen-specific CTL responses. Lastly and most notably virus copynumber measurements showed that instead of an increase in viral load, insome subjects there were decreases as large as three orders of magnitudelower than initial levels. This drop in viral loads indicates that evenafter a decrease in some elements of immune reactivity towards HBVantigens, there are other components of the immune system that arecapable of providing an increased immune response that has eitherinhibited viral production or enhanced virus clearance. Thus the presentinvention provides a binary immune response that can provide decreasedimmune reactivity that should ameliorate the chronic inflammation thatis responsible for liver damage in chronic HBV infection and at the sametime the present invention provides for an increased immune reactiontowards the virus that can decrease the viral load. The presentinvention can find utility in other infections where a complex change inimmune reactions is desired rather than a unitary effect of either again or loss in immune reactivity. In addition to HBV, other pathogensthat may benefit from application of the present invention can comprisebut not be limited to: HCV, HIV, HTLV, CMV, herpes and herpes zoaster,varicella, EBV, chronic fatigue syndrome, (with and without EBVinfections), STD, bacterial infections (with immune mediated phenomenasuch as endocarditis or sepsis), mycobacteria, rickettsia, fungi andparasites.

The unexpected and unanticipated result of a duality in the immuneresponse in an infected subject with a decrease in at least one immunereaction while simultaneously demonstrating an enhanced immune reactionto the pathogen could be explained further. In this view, immunologicalmanipulations do not lead to a unidirectional change in immunereactivity or immune response but rather a bi-directional effect thatcan simultaneously increase or decrease the effects of various elementsor components of immune response to different extents or directions.Thus, in immunogical systems there can be an effector that can act as aninversion factor with regard to immune reactivity, immune suppression orboth that can lead to induction of a dual response. These differentresponses can be manifested through different elements or components ofthe immune system such as the humoral, cellularor cytokine responses orthrough two different epitopes of the same immunological target.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed towards immunemanipulation prior to infection by a pathogen for vaccination purposes.For some infective agents, prevention by immunological means has been afailure. Notable examples of this have been attempts at vaccinationagainst HCV and HIV. In contrast to prior art where only induction orenhancement of immune reactivity was undertaken, the present inventionrecognizes and uses the binary effect of immune manipulation to providea more effective immune response towards these potential pathogens. Thepresent invention carries this out by providing a reduction of specificimmune reactivity towards one or more antigens of a pathogen while alsoproviding an induction or increase in the immune reactivity towards oneor more antigens of the pathogen. In other words, the present inventionteaches that in order to achieve an overall stronger immune responsetowards a pathogen or immunological target, one has to decrease at leastone aspect of the undesirable immune response in a subject. For example,a subject could be immunized against a target virus by injection of anantigen with or without an adjuvant. After a specific immune state hasbeen established, the same or different antigens are orally introducedinto the subject such that a decrease of at least one immune reactiontowards the immunological target takes place while achieving an increasein the immune reactivity towards the pathogen. This seeminglyantagonistic effect could take place either simultaneously orsequentially. The subject may be further treated with otherimmunological manipulations that may increase the overall immuneresponsiveness to the pathogen. It can be seen that this example isactually a parallel to the previously described therapy for HBVinfection that resulted in a heightened immune response after oraladministration of HBV antigens to HBV infected subjects.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed towards manipulationof the immune response towards tumors for management of cancer. Asdescribed previously, recognition by the immune system of cancer cellsas being “foreign” is believed to be one of the mechanisms of preventionof tumor growth. Thereby, the continued presence and growth of cancerouscells in a subject represents a lapse, defect or suppression of theimmune surveillance program. One factor that may be involved in this“escape” process is the induction of cytokines or other cellular factorsthat inhibit the expansion or immune reactivity of T-cells towards themalignant cells. Previous attempts have had a limitation that theirefforts to heighten immune reactivity has been negated by an increasedinduction of these factors. For some tumors, there is the paradoxicaleffect that the higher the degree of immune reactivity, the faster thetumor is able to grow (L. H. Sigal and Y. Ron in Immunology andInflammation: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences, page 528McGrawHill, Inc, NY, N.Y., 1994).

Chronic infection by HBV has been discussed earlier in the context ofviral infection. One of the reasons that this is a matter of concern isdue to the increased likelihood of development of hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC). Hepatocellular carcinoma rate is increasing worldwide,especially in-patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Currently there isno effective treatment for this malignant neoplasm, and the prognosis islimited. The mechanism of HCC development and the exact role ofHepatitis B virus (HBV) in tumor induction are not well understood.Approximately one third of patients with HBV associated HCC express theHBV envelope antigen (HBsAg) on their cell surface which in thisparticular situation, may serve as a tumor associated antigen. Patientswith persistent HBV infection have a defective or deviant immuneresponse against the virus that not only fails to clear it, but there isa pathological immune response such as induction of severe liver injuryand a potential role in enablement of neoplasm growth.

It has previously been shown that oral tolerance towards adenoviralantigens effectively can prevent an anti-viral immune response (U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/808,629, supra). In addition, adoptivetransfer of tolerance by transplantation of immune cells from orallytolerized donors to sublethally irradiated recipients, supports theexistence of suppresser cells in this setting. Previously oral tolerancewas shown to induce antigen-specific immune suppression of HBsAg byfeeding HBV antigens (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/808/629supra). Therefore, adoptive transfer of this immune suppression shouldcause immune hyporesponsiveness to HBsAg via suppressor cells. In thecase of HCC expressing HBsAg, the HBV antigen may be considered a tumorassociated antigen. Based on prior art that has been cited previously,it would have been predicted that a decrease in a specific immuneresponse to tumor cells or tumor associated antigens would allowunbridled growth of tumors.

Contrary to this expectation, the present invention demonstrates that itis possible to manipulate the immune system such that an effectiveimmune response is achieved or enhanced towards malignant cells whileexhibiting a decrease in other aspects of the immune response towardscancerous cells. This binary effect was evident in experiments wheredonor immune cells were implanted into recipient mice carrying humancancerous cells. Without donor cell implantation these mice showednumerous malignant growths and early death (group D in Example 2). Incontrast, when the donor immune cells were trained by inoculation of HBVantigens prior to implantation, no evidence of tumor growth was seen(Group C in Example 2). Moreover, if the donor cells were given a dualtreatment of oral administration of antigens as well as the inoculation,a binary immune response was observed (Groups A and B in Example 2).Evidence of a decrease in immune reactivity in these last two groups wasdemonstrated by reduced levels of anti-HBs antibodies as compared to thecontrol. The presence of an immune reaction to the HBV and/or cancerantigens was demonstrated by the eventual disappearance of a marker forthe tumor (AFP) and lack of any macroscopic evidence for the presence oftumor growth. Evidence for an enhanced immune reaction in Groups A and Bwas seen by the increase in the levels of IFNγ compared to Group C whichwas treated with only inoculation. These results demonstrate thatimmunological manipulation can lead to a reduction of a specific immunereaction towards tumor specific antigen or antigens (lowering antibodylevels) while achieving an enhancement of an antigen specific immunereaction (increase in IFNγ levels). Even in the presence of reducedlevels of antibodies, there was prevention of tumor growth therebydemonstrating the ability of the enhanced immune response to managecancer cells. This treatment may thereby reduce undesirable immunecomponents or elements such as suppressor cells or cytokines thatpromote tumor growth and allow an enhanced immune reactivity towards thetumor

Malignancies that may find utility in the present invention can comprisebut not be limited to Hematological malignancies (including leukemia,lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders), Hypoplastic and aplasticanemia (both virally induced and idiopathic), myelodysplastic syndromes,all types of paraneoplastic syndromes (both immune mediated andidiopathic) and solid tumors (including lung, liver, breast, colon,prostate GI tract, pancreas and Karposi)

Induction of the extent and nature of an immune response can bedetermined by a number of factors. Illustratively, these can comprisethe nature of an antigen, modifications of an antigen, the amount of anantigen, the method of introduction of an antigen into the subject,application of secondary treatments and other methods that are wellknown in the art. Antigens can be prepared from biological sources orthey can be obtained synthetically or from recombinant DNA technology.Antigens from biological sources can be derived from cells, cellextracts, cell membranes and biological matrixes.

The form of the antigen may present opportunities for manipulations ofimmune response. For example bovine γ globulin (BGG) in saline solutionresults in an immune state characteristic of an immunoreactive response.However, if the same solution of BGG is separated out into monomeric andpolymeric forms, the monomeric form can actually be seen to inducetolerance while the polymeric forms maintains properties that result inan immunune reactivity response (pg. 304 in Immunology: a Short Course,E. Benjamini and S. Leskowitz, Eds. Wiley-Liss, NY, N.Y., USA). Itshould also be pointed out that the unfractionated solution should beviewed as a balance of immune reactive and immune suppressive factorswhere the immune reactive potential is stronger in this experimentalsystem. Therefore, polymerization and degradation, fractionation andchemical modification, are all capable of altering the properties of aparticular antigen in terms of potential immune responses.

Antigens have been discussed as if each was a singular homogeneousentity, but although an antigen may comprise a single epitope it mayalso comprise a number of different epitopes. The particular propertiesof each epitope of an antigen may be dissimilar; this is reflected inthe immune response to an antigen where there may be particularly strongresponses to some epitopes and little or no response to others. Inaddition the nature of the immune response can be variable as well. Forinstance, different fragments of myelin basic protein may havecompletely opposite effects with some epitopes inducing immunereactivity and other fragments inducing immune suppression (page 107, D.P. Stites and A. I Terr in Basic and Clinical Immunology, Appleton &Lange, Norwalk, Conn., 1991). Therefore, smaller fragments could providea subset of epitopes compared to the complete antigen. The particularchoice and modifications of these fragments can provide more flexibilityin the elicitation or alteration of immune responses in a subject. Thesesmaller segments, fragments or epitopes can either be isolated orsynthesized.

Antigen dosage can serve as a way of manipulating immunologicalresponses. For example, it has been noted that extremes in dosage ofsome antigens induce immune suppression whereas a range of dosages inbetween induces immune reactivity. Thus the same set of antigenicepitopes are capable of invoking either of two opposite results.Furthermore, even when the same response is evoked it can be by twodifferent pathways. For instance, with regard to oral tolerance, highdosages have been linked to a clonal deletion mode of induction whereaslow dosages have been identified with the induction of suppressor cells.(Oral Tolerance: Mechanisms and Applications, H. L. Weiner and L. F.Mayer, eds. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 778).

Methods that can be used to introduce an antigen or antigens into asubject may comprise but are not limited to intramuscular, intravenous,and intrathymic injection, nasal inhalation, oral feeding and gastralintubation. In addition to administration of antigen to a subject toinduce a desired immune response in a subject, the desired immuneresponse or responses themselves may be introduced into the subject.This can be carried out by a process that has been termed adoptivetransfer. The particular immune cells used for the transfer may haveoriginated from the subject (autologous transfer) or they may be from asyngeneic or non-syngeneic donor (non-autologous transfer). The storage,growth or expansion of the transferred immune cells may have taken placein vivo or in vitro.

Methods for in vivo storage, growth or expansion of cells of a subjectin a surrogate host prior to reimplantation have been described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 08/876,635 filed on Jun. 16, 1997). Methodsfor in vitro storage, growth or expansion of cells prior to transfer arewell known to practitioners of the art. When the immune cells intendedfor use in a transfer are derived from a donor, these cells may alsoundergo storage, growth or expansion in vivo or in vitro as describedabove. Immune cells that are to be transferred may be na{umlaut over(v)}e or they may have been exposed to an immunological reagent suchthat they are immune reactive, immune suppressive or as describedpreviously, a mixture of both. In vivo methods can be used to introducean immunological reagent to a surrogate host or a donor in order torender immune cells immune reactive and/or immune suppressive toward aspecific antigen or antigens.

In addition, prior to implantation immune cells can be rendered immunereactive and/or immune suppressive by exposure of the immune cells to atleast one specific antigen during in vitro conditions. Such conditionalor adoptive immune training would provide immune cells with immuneresponsiveness towards at least one specific antigen. In addition theimmune cells may be genetically modified by any of a number means knownto those skilled in the art. These modifications can include but not belimited to genetic editing (Wetmur et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,681) andcapability of anti-sense (Inouye et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,065) orgene expression. Antisense expression can include but not be limited toresistance to virus infection and elimination of native gene expression.An example of anti-sense to native gene expression would include but notbe limited to major histocompatibility (MHC) genes. Gene expression thatis conferred by genetic manipulation can include expression of native ornon-native gene products. These may include but not be limited toantibodies, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and drug resistance.

The immune cells may be used as a mixture or sub-populations may besegregated or isolated for use. For instance, it may be desirable toseparate out immune reactive cells such as CD4⁺, CD8⁺ or CD34⁺ or othercells. In another example, in a population of immune reactive cells itmay be desirable to isolate immune cells that synthesize one particularform of antibody from immune cells that synthesize other forms or immunecells that are cytotoxic to cells expressing one or more specific cellsurface markers. When the source of the cells used for adoptive transferare not native to the subject but are from a donor (non-autologoustransfer), additional steps may be required for successful implantation.Such treatments can comprise partial or total ablation of the subjectsimmune system prior to transfer or the use of immune suppressive drugs.Alternatively or in combination, the subject can further be treated tomanage Graft versus Host complications as described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/808/629 supra.

In the present invention, auxiliary treatments may also in conjunctionwith introduction of an antigen or antigens to the subject. For example,provision of adjuvants, immunosuppressive reagents, anti-inflammatoryreagents and cytokines can all be used in conjunction with the presentinvention by shifting various components of the immune response.

The present invention has been described in terms of accomplishment of abinary response by means of a single mode of treatment. In anotheraspect of the present invention, more than one therapeutic treatment iscarried out either sequentially or simultaneously. Thus, one can use oneor more treatments that are anticipated increase immune reactivitytowards one or more epitopes or antigens and one or more treatments thatare anticipated to decrease immune reactivity towards one or moreepitopes or antigens. Thereby a new immune state can be achieved wherethe various elements and components that comprise the sets of immunereactions and immune suppressions have been enhanced or diminished.

Understanding the duality of the immune response allows the predictionthat after cessation of treatment there may be a reversion to a statethat is closer to the pre-treatment immune states. To manage such apotential reversion, the subject may be maintained continuously undertreatment or alternatively the treatment can be carried outperiodically. The timing of periodic treatments can be carried out atset intervals or may be determined by observations of the onset ofimmune reversion. During continuous or periodic treatment, the mode ofthe treatment, the nature of the antigen or the dosage may stay the sameor they may be varied as needed.

Thus, contrary to prior art, the present invention predicts that achange in immunological state (through manipulation) does not have to beunidirectional but may lead to a dual or multi changes in oppositedirections (increase and decrease in one or more components in theimmune response toward an antigen or antigens. By this manipulation, itis possible to reduce the undesirable aspects or components of theimmune response that may be the underlying cause or a contributoryfactor to disease development such as destruction of the liver.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS EXAMPLE 1

Materials and Methods

Fifteen subjects were enrolled in the clinical study. The subjects weremen or women with a diagnosis of active HBV infection (acute or chronic)based on liver biopsy (active inflammatory response), and positive forHBsAg with liver enzymes at least twice above normal. The subjects wererequired to meet one or more of the following criteria: (1) failedtreatment with interferon or were unable to receive interferon; (2)hepatocellular carcinoma and active inflammatory response; (3) fulminantliver failure or severe deteriorating synthetic liver functions; (4)liver transplant recipient with evidence of reinfection of the graft andactive inflammatory reaction in the liver, who failed or were unable toreceive interferon or lamivudine; and (5) had HBV immune mediateddisease (i.e., cryo, PAN, neuropathy, kidney involvement).

The subjects were fed with recombinant HbsAg preS1+preS2 twice a day for20 weeks. The HBV antigen was given in liquid form, diluted in calfserum. The subjects were given 1 tablet of Omeprazole (20 mg/day/orally)4 hours before the HBV antigen to prevent the effect of gastric acidityon the ingested antigen.

The subjects were followed for 20 weeks of feeding and 20 weeks aftercompletion of feeding. The subjects were tested every other week for the20 weeks of feeding and continued monthly for 20 weeks after feeding. Aliver biopsy was performed before the study began and again aftercompletion of the 20-week feeding period. The biopsies were stainedusing the standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. HB surface antigenand HB core antigen were determined using immunohistochemical stainingtechniques. Liver enzymes, ALT and AST levels were followed bimonthly.HBV DNA (viral load) was quantified bimonthly using PCR.

Cytotoxic lymphocyte response and specific T-cell activity to HB surfaceantigen determined by a T-cell proliferation assay were assayed asdescribed (Chisari et al., “Hepatitis B virus immunopathogenesis”; Ann.Rev. Immunol. 13:29-45 (1995); Rehermann et al., “Cytotoxic T lymphocyteresponsiveness after resolution of chronic hepatitis B virus infection;”J. Clin. Invest. 7:1655-1665 (1996); Guidotti et al., “Viral clearancewithout destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection;”Science 284:825-829 (1999); Ishikawa et al., “Polyclonality andmultispecificity of the CTL response to a single viral epitope;” J.Immunol. 161:5842-5850 (1998)).

The number of specific T-cell clones secreting IFN γ when exposed to HBsurface antigen was measured by an ELISA Spot Assay (Hauer et al., “Ananalysis of interferon gamma, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 production by ELISPOTand quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR in human Peyer's patches;”Cytokine 10:627-634 (1998); Larsson et al., “A recombinant vacciniavirus based ELISPOT assay detects high frequencies of Pol-specific CD8 Tcells in HIV-1-positive Individuals;” AIDS 13:767-777 (1999)).

IFN γ and IL 10 were quantified using RT PCR (lan et al., “Insertion ofthe Adenoviral E3 region into a recombinant viral vector preventsantiviral humoral and cellular immune responses and permits long termgene expression;” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:2587-2592. (1997); Ilanet al., “Oral tolerization to adenoviral antigens permits long term geneexpression using recombinant adenoviral vectors;” J. Clin. Invest.99:1098-1106 (1997)). Specific serum cytokines were measured asdescribed by Ilan et al. (Ilan et al., “Treatment of experimentalcolitis by oral tolerance induction: a central role for suppressorlymphocytes;” Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95:966-973 (2000)).

Anaysis of Results

Patients were considered to have reacted positively to the hepatitis Bvirus antigens if they demonstrated one or more indications of adecrease in a specific immune response and one or more indications of anincrease in a specific immune reaction.

Indications of a decrease in a specific immune response can be one ormore of the following:

-   -   1) Decrease in one or both enzyme (ALT and/or AST) levels;    -   2) Decrease (improvement) in liver pathology as measured by        standard hemotoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining;    -   3) Decrease in HB surface antigen staining by        immunohistochemistry; and    -   4) Decrease in HB core antigen staining by immunohistochemistry.

Indications of an increase in a specific immune reaction can be one ormore of the following:

-   -   1) Decrease in viral load by PCR;    -   2) Increase in specific T-cell activity to HB surface antigen as        measured by a T-cell proliferation assay (T-cell assay);    -   3) Increase in number of specific T-cell clones secreting IFN γ        when exposed to HB surface antigen as measured by an ELISA Spot        Assay;    -   4) Increase in IFN γ and/or IL 10 as measured by RT PCR;    -   5) Increase in cytotoxic lymphocyte response; and

6) Increase in specific serum cytokines. TABLE 1 Summary of ImmuneReactions Decrease in Specific Increase in Specific Subject ImmuneResponse Immune Reaction 502 LA ALT levels decreased Viral loaddecreased T-cell proliferation increased Specific T-cell clonessecreting IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased 503 RM Not fully respondingyet Viral load decreased Cytotoxic lymphocyte response increased 506 ASALiver pathology (H&E) decreased T-cell proliferation increased HB coreantigen staining decreased 509 II ALT levels decreased T-cellproliferation increased Specific T-cell clones secreting IFN γ (ELISAspot assay) increased 511 EBH ALT levels decreased Viral load decreasedAST levels decreased T-cell proliferation increased Liver pathology(H&E) decreased Specific T-cell clones secreting HB surface antigendecreased IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased HB core antigen stainingIFN and IL 10 positive by RT PCR decreased Cytotoxic lymphocyte responseincreased 517 FA HB surface antigen decreased Viral load decreased HBcore antigen staining T-cell proliferation increased decreased SpecificT-cell clones secreting IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased 518 IZ HBcore antigen staining Viral load decreased decreased T-cellproliferation increased Specific T-cell clones secreting IFN γ (ELISAspot assay) increased IFN and IL 10 positive by RT PCR 520 YB AST levelsdecreased T-cell proliferation increased Specific T-cell clonessecreting IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased IFN and IL 10 positive byRT PCR 505 NS ALT levels decreased Viral load decreased AST levelsdecreased T-cell proliferation increased HB core antigen stainingSpecific T-cell clones secreting decreased IFN γ (ELISA spot assay)increased 519 KS ALT levels decreased T-cell proliferation increased ASTlevels decreased Specific T-cell clones secreting HB surface antigenstaining IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased decreased IFN and IL 10positive by RT PCR 513 PW Liver pathology (H&E) decreased T-cellproliferation increased HB surface antigen staining Specific T-cellclones secreting decreased IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased HB coreantigen staining IFN and IL 10 positive by RT PCR decreased 514 TY ALTlevels decreased Viral load decreased AST levels decreased T-cellproliferation increased Liver pathology (H&E) decreased IFN and IL 10positive by RT PCR HB surface antigen staining decreased HB core antigenstaining decreased 515 JH ALT levels normal T-cell proliferationincreased AST levels normal Specific T-cell clones secreting IFN γ(ELISA spot assay) increased IFN γ in serum increased 504 GE Liverpathology (H&E) decreased T-cell proliferation increased HB surfaceantigen staining Specific T-cell clones secreting decreased IFN γ (ELISAspot assay) increased HB core antigen staining IFN and IL 10 positive byRT PCR decreased Cytotoxic lymphocyte response increased 521 MH Liverpathology (H&E) decreased T-cell proliferation increased Specific T-cellclones secreting IFN γ (ELISA spot assay) increased IFN and IL 10positive by RT PCR

In some subjects the specific response was reversed after treatment.This may indicate that the effect of treatment may be transient and/orreversible and continued or repeated treatment may be recommended.

In the subjects introduction of hepatitis B surface antigen achieved adual effect, exhibiting an increase in at least one aspect of the immunereaction towards HBV while exhibiting a decrease in at least one aspectof the immune reaction towards HBV or hepatocytes.

EXAMPLE 2

Materials & Methods

Mice: Female immunocompetent (heterozygous) and athymic Balb/c mice werepurchased from Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me. All animals werekept in laminar flow hoods in sterilized cages, receiving irradiatedfood and sterile acidified water as described (Shouval et al.,“Comparative morphology and tumorigenicity of human hepatocellular cellcarcinoma lines in athymic rats and mice;” Vichow's Archives A. Path.His. 412:595-606, (1988)).

Cell cultures: The human hepatoma cell line Hep-3B which secretes HBsAgwas grown in culture as a monolayer, in medium supplemented with nonessential amino acids and 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum asdescribed (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, HB-8064, HB-8065;Shouval et al., Vichow's Archives A. Path. His., supra;).

Induction of anti-HBV immune response: BioHepB recombinant hepatitis Bvaccine (BioTechnology General LTD, Israel) which contains three surfaceantigens of the hepatitis B virus: HBsAg, PreS1 and preS2, was used forinduction of anti-HBV immune response. Immunocompetent Balb/c donor micewere immunized against HBV with 1 μg HBsAg intraperitonealy (i.p.) atone month, followed by a boost vaccine one week before splenocytetransplantation.

Preparation of HCC antigens: HCC cells were used as tumor associatedantigens. After growth in cell cultures, the cells were filtered througha 40 m nylon cell strainer. The intact cells were spun down and removed.Proteins were quantified using a protein assay kit (BioRad Laboratories,Hercules, Calif.).

Oral administration of HCC cells or HBV antigens: Hep-3B cells (50 gprotein) expressing HBsAg or recombinantly prepared HBsAg+PreS1+PreS2antigens (BioHepB, BioTechnology General LTD, Israel) or low dose HBVantigens (BioHepB, 1 mcg) were administered orally. The antigens wereadministered with a feeding atraumatic-needle, on alternate days for 10days (a total of 5 doses) prior to HBV vaccine immune induction. Acontrol group received similar doses of bovine serum albumin (BSA).

Assessment of anti-HBs humoral immune response: Mice in all groups werefollowed for anti-HBs antibody titers at sacrifice (prior to splenocytetransplantation) 30 days following inoculation of the BioHepB vaccine, 7days following the boost vaccination. HBs antibodies were measure by acommercial solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Tumor and splenocyte transplantation in athymic mice: Athymic mice wereused as splenocyte recipients and conditioned with sub-lethal radiation(600 cGy). Twenty four hours after irradiation, the animals wereinjected subcutaneously in the right shoulder with 10⁷ human hepatomaHep3B cells as described in Shouval et al. infra (Shouval et al.,“Adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B virus in mice followingbone marrow transplantation through immunization of bone marrow donors;”Hepatology. 17:955-959 (1993)). Seven days after irradiation, athymicmice received splenocyte transplantation as follows: on transplantationday, donor mice were sacrificed and spleens were harvested. Splenocyterecipients were then injected I.V. with spleen cells at 2×10⁶cells/mouse (Shouval et al., Hepatology, supra).

Follow-up of tumor growth: Recipient mice were followed at weeklyintervals for 2 months with monitoring of tumor growth by calipers, andperiodic serum measurements of HBsAg and alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) levels.Blood samples were obtained weekly by retrobulbar puncture and serum wasseparated and frozen at −20° C. until assayed by a commercial solidphase radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Cytokine production: To evaluate the effect of immune reactivity on thebalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, TNF, IFNIL2, TGF and IL10 mRNA production were measured periodically inrecipient mice by RT-PCR. Serum levels of the cytokines were measured bya highly sensitive RIA according to the manufacturers' instructions.

Radioimmunoassays for detection of serum HBsAg, anti-HBs andalpha-feto-protein: HBsAg and antibodies to HBsAg were determined bycommercial solid phase RIA (Ausria ll and Ausab, Abbott Laboratories,North Chicago, Ill.; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). A World HealthOrganization reference serum was used for quantitative analysis ofanti-HBs by RIA, utilizing the Hollinger formula and data expressed inmIU/ml (Hollinger et al., “Improved double antibody radioimmunoassay(RIA-D) methodology for detecting hepatitis B antigen and antibody”[Abstract], Am. Soc. Microbiol. 72:213 (1972)). Alpha feto protein (AFP)was measured by RIA (AFP, Bridge Serono, Italy) and expressed in ng/ml.

Experimental Groups: Donor mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 miceeach (Table 2). Groups A to C received oral feedings prior to HBVvaccine. Experimental group A received oral feedings of Hep3B hepatomacells. Experimental group B received oral feedings of HBV antigens.Control group C received oral feedings of BSA (Table 2). The abovegroups received HBV vaccination as described. Control group D wasneither vaccinated nor fed antigens. Recipient mice consisted of 4parallel groups A to D and received injections of Hep3B cells asdescribed above and then received splenocytes from the donor mice. TABLE2 Experimental groups. Donor mice: Donor mice: Group: Immunization toHbsAg Oral feedings A Immunized Hep3B hepatoma cells B Immunized HBVantigens C Immunized BSA D None NoneAnalysis of Results

Evaluation of the effect of oral administration of HCC proteins or HBVantigens on anti-viral humoral immune response: The effect of oralfeedings of HCC extracted proteins expressing HBsAg or HBV antigens onanti-HBV peripheral immune reactivity was evaluated by measuring serumanti-HBsAg antibody production. This was measured at sacrifice—prior tosplenocyte transplantation, 30 days following inoculation of the BioHepBvaccine and 7 days following a boost vaccination. Administration of HCCextracted proteins markedly decreased the anti-viral humoral immuneresponse. A lesser degree of decrease was evident in mice exposed to HBVantigens. At sacrifice, 30 days following inoculation with the vaccine,serum anti-HBs antibody levels were 157±271 vs. 382±561 and 664±757mU/ml in HCC fed mice, (group A), compared with HBV-envelope proteinsfed mice (group B) and BSA-fed controls (group C), respectively (p<0.05between groups A and C (FIG. 1).

Effect of Adoptive Transfer of HBV Immunity on Tumor Growth asManifested by Yumor Volume and Serum AFP Levels:

Tumor growth was suppressed completely in mice that received splenocytesimmunized to HBsAg (group C). After transplantation, no tumor grew andthere was no macroscopic evidence of tumor growth. This correlated withAFP serum levels that were negative for the duration of the experiment(12 weeks) (FIGS. 2 and 3).

Tumor growth was significant in mice that received naive splenocytes(group D) and the mice had big tumors after 2 weeks of tumortransplantation. Tumor growth was rapid and tumor size was 151±78 mm²and 165±24 mm² at 2 and 4 weeks respectively (FIG. 2 a; p<0.0001 betweengroups C and D). This correlated with AFP serum levels that rose inparallel to tumor growth. AFP serum levels were 2320±2123 ng/ml and2500±1431 ng/ml at 2 and 4 weeks respectively (FIG. 2 b; p<0.02 betweengroups C and D). Due to enormous tumor size after 4 weeks anddeterioration in general state of these mice with 25% mortality, theywere sacrificed.

Effect of Oral Administration of HBV or HCC Proteins on Tumor Growth asManifested by Tumor Volume and Serum AFP Levels:

Mice receiving splenocytes from mice fed HCC extracted proteins (groupA) showed only transient tumor growth. While tumor growth was notevident macroscopically, AFP serum levels were significantly elevatedafter two weeks and declined thereafter and were negative after 6 weeks.AFP serum levels were 574.4±539 ng/ml and 418±520 ng/ml at 2 and 4 weeksrespectively (FIGS. 2 and 3). This was significant compared to miceimmunized against HBV (group C); p<0.02 between groups A and C).

Mice receiving splenocytes immunized against HBV and exposed to oralfeedings of HBV antigens (group B) had no evidence of tumor growth. Noevidence of macroscopic tumor growth or rise in serum AFP levels wasseen in these mice.

Effect of tumor growth on weight pain, mortality and general appearancein the various groups: Mice that received HBV immunized splenocytes andcompletely suppressed tumor growth with no evidence of tumor growthshowed continued weight gain throughout the 12 week experiment (groupC). This was in contrast to mice receiving naive splenocytes (withsignificant tumor growth) that had in parallel a significant reductionin body weight (group D). This body weight loss became worse during the4 weeks of follow-up and correlated with tumor growth, generaldeterioration and mortality (FIG. 4). Body weight in these mice wassignificantly reduced as compared with mice in group C. Body weight was17.7±1.8 and 20.7±1.3; respectively at 2 weeks (p<0.003) and 17.1±1.8 gr21.4±0.6 gr respectively at 3 weeks (p <0.00004). Mice in group C thatdid not show tumor growth appeared well and there was no mortalitythroughout the 12 week follow-up. This was in contrast to mice in groupD (that showed tumor growth) that appeared extremely sick, performedpoorly and had a mortality rate of 12.5% after 2 weeks and 25% after 3weeks (FIG. 5).

Mice receiving splenocytes from mice fed HCC extracted proteins (groupA) that showed transient tumor growth had in parallel an initialreduction in body weight that was significantly lower that group C micethat did not have tumor growth. A similar but less significant reductionin weight was evident in mice receiving splenocytes immunized to HBsAgand exposed orally to HBV antigens (group B; FIG. 4). Body weights were16.2±2.0 and 17.8±2.4 in groups A and B respectively at 2 weeks(p<0.0006; P<0.01 respectively compared to group C) and 18.5±1.9 gr and18.5±2.0 gr respectively at 4 weeks (p<0.002; p<0.003 compared to groupC). No significant difference in body weight was evident between groupsA, B and D during the four weeks. After 4 weeks there was gradualincrease in body weights in groups A and B that correlated with tumorsuppression in group A as evident by negative AFP levels in this group.Mice in groups A and B initially looked sick in correlation with weightloss and had an early mortality rate at 4 weeks of 40% in both groups(FIG. 5). However, after four weeks these mice were looking better andalthough they did not look as healthy as mice in group C there was someimprovement in their general appearance and performance. After 4 weeksthere was no mortality in these groups, similar to group C.

Effect of Tumor Growth on Cytokine Profile:

Mice in group A that received splenocytes from HCC-fed mice had elevatedlevels of interferon gamma production evident by RT-PCR of splenocytes.Lesser levels were evident in group B. This was in contrast to group C(that had no tumor growth) that had no evidence of interferon productionin splenocytes by RT-PCR (FIG. 6, 7). TABLE 3 Anti-HCC Immune ResponseAdptive Tumor Suppression Tumor Promotion Transfer of Tumor ActivatedNon-Specific Towards Non- Splenocytes Growth anti HBV Anti-Tumor HBVspecific Anti HBV − +1 + + + Immunized Anti HBV − +2 + − − ImmunizedOrally fed with HBV antigens Anti HBV − +3 − − Immunized Orally fed withHCC antigens Naïve + − + +

Many obvious variations will no doubt be suggested to those of ordinaryskill in the art in light of the above detailed description and examplesof the present invention. All such variations are fully embraced by thescope and spirit of the invention as more particularly defined in theclaims that now follow.

1. A process of treating a subject carrying an infectious agent, saidprocess comprising the steps of: (a) introducing into or administeringto said subject one or more antigens, said antigen or antigens beingcapable of: (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specificimmune reaction directed against: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii)cells infected with said infectious agent; or (iii) a combination of(1)(i) and (1)(ii) above; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from said first specificimmune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) cells infected withsaid infectious agent; or (iii) uninfected cells; or (iv) a combinationof any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) above.
 2. The process accordingto claim 1, wherein said first specific immune reaction and said secondspecific immune reaction are directed to at least two different epitopeson said one or more antigens.
 3. The process according to claim 1,wherein said first specific immune reaction and said second specificimmune reaction are mediated by different components of said subject'simmune system.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein said firstspecific immune reaction and said second specific immune reaction aredirected to at least two different epitopes on said one or more antigensand are mediated by different components of said subject's immunesystem.
 5. The process according to claim 3, wherein said first specificimmune reaction and said second specific immune reaction are directed tothe same epitope of said one or more antigens.
 6. The process accordingto claims 4 or 5, wherein said different components of the firstspecific immune reaction and the second specific immune reaction areselected from the group consisting of cellular immune reaction elements,humoral immune reaction elements and cytokines.
 7. The process accordingto claim 6, wherein when said component or components of the specificimmune reaction comprise cellular immune response elements, saidcorresponding component or components of the specific immune reactioncomprise humoral immune response elements or cytokines.
 8. The processaccording to claim 6, wherein when said component or components of thespecific immune reaction comprise humoral immune response elements, saidcorresponding component or components of the specific immune reactioncomprise cellular immune response elements or cytokines.
 9. The processaccording to claim 6, wherein when said component or components of thespecific immune reaction comprise cytokines, said correspondingcomponent or components of the specific immune reaction comprisescellular immune response elements or humoral immune response elements.10. The process according to claim 1, wherein said one or more antigensare introduced or administered in a single dose.
 11. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein said one or more antigens are introducedor administered in multiple doses.
 12. The process according to claim 1,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered indifferent dosages.
 13. The process according to claim 12, wherein saidone or more antigens comprise antigens having different epitopes. 14.The process according to claim 1, wherein said one or more antigens areintroduced or administered continuously.
 15. The process according toclaim 1, wherein said one or more antigens are introduced oradministered intermittently or periodically.
 16. The process accordingto claim 1, wherein said one or more antigens are introduced oradministered by a single route.
 17. The process according to claim 1,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered by atleast two different routes.
 18. The process according to claim 1,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered by aroute selected from the group consisting of oral, intravenous,parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravaginal, intranasal,mucosal, sublingual, aural, intrabronchial, topical, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, rectal, and combinations of any of the foregoing. 19.The process according to claim 1, wherein said one or more antigens areintroduced or administered orally.
 20. The process according to claim 1,further comprising introducing or administering one or more carriers.21. The process according to claim 1, wherein said infectious agentcomprises a virus.
 22. The process according to claim 20, wherein saidvirus is selected from the group consisting of HBV, HCV, HIV and acombination of any of the foregoing.
 23. A process of treating a subjectcarrying an infectious agent, said process comprising the steps of: (a)introducing into or administering to said subject at least two differentantigens, each of said antigens being capable of: (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed against:(i) said infectious agent; or (ii) cells infected with said infectiousagent; or (iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) above; and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from said first specific immune reaction (a)(1), said secondspecific immune reaction being directed toward: (i) said infectiousagent; or (ii) cells infected with said infectious agent; or (iii)uninfected cells; or (iv) a combination of any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and(2)(iii) above.
 24. The process according to claim 23, wherein saidfirst specific immune reaction and said second specific immune reactionare directed to at least two different epitopes on said one or moreantigens.
 25. The process according to claim 23, wherein said firstspecific immune reaction and said second specific immune reaction aredirected to at least two different epitopes on said one or more antigensand are mediated by different components of said subject's immunesystem.
 26. The process according to claims 24 or 25, wherein saiddifferent components of the first specific immune reaction and thesecond specific immune reaction are selected from the group consistingof cellular immune reaction elements, humoral immune reaction elementsand cytokines.
 27. The process, according to claim 26, wherein when saidcomponent or components of the specific immune reaction comprisecellular immune response elements, said corresponding component orcomponents of the specific immune reaction comprise humoral immuneresponse elements or cytokines, wherein when said component orcomponents of the specific immune reaction comprise humoral immuneresponse elements, said corresponding component or components of thespecific immune reaction comprise cellular immune response elements orcytokines.
 28. The process according to claim 26, wherein when saidcomponent or components of the specific immune reaction comprisecytokines, said corresponding component or components of the specificimmune reaction comprises cellular immune response elements or humoralimmune response elements.
 29. The process according to claim 23, whereinsaid one or more antigens are introduced or administered in a singledose or in multiple doses.
 30. The process according to claim 23,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered indifferent dosages.
 31. The process according to claim 23, wherein saidone or more antigens are introduced or administered in a manner selectedfrom the group consisting of continuous administration and intermittentor periodic administration.
 32. The process according to claim 23,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered by asingle route or by at least two different routes.
 33. The processaccording to claim 23, wherein said one or more antigens are introducedor administered by a route selected from the group consisting of oral,intravenous, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravaginal,intranasal, mucosal, sublingual, aural, intrabronchial, topical,intramuscular, intraperitoneal, rectal, and combinations of any of theforegoing.
 34. The process according to claim 23, wherein said one ormore antigens are introduced or administered orally.
 35. The processaccording to claim 23, further comprising introducing or administeringone or more carriers.
 36. The process according to claim 23, whereinsaid infectious agent comprises a virus.
 37. The process according toclaim 36, wherein said virus is selected from the group consisting ofHBV, HCV, HIV and a combination of any of the foregoing.
 38. A processof treating a subject carrying an infectious agent, said processcomprising the steps of: (a) removing immune cells from said subject;(b) training or adopting said removed cells; (c) introducing into oradministering to said subject said immune cells which have been renderedcapable of: (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specificimmune reaction directed against: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii)cells infected with said infectious agent; or (iii) a combination of(1)(i) and (1)(ii) above; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from said first specificimmune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) cells infected withsaid infectious agent; or (iii) uninfected cells; or (iv) a combinationof any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) above;
 39. The process accordingto claim 38, wherein said training or adopting step has been carried outin a surrogate.
 40. The process according to claim 38, wherein saidtraining or adopting step has been carried in vitro.
 41. A process oftreating a subject carrying an infectious agent, said process comprisingthe steps of: (a) removing immune cells from a trained donor, or from anaive donor wherein said immune cells have been trained in a surrogateor in vitro; (b) introducing into or administering to said subject saidremoved immune cells capable of: (1) establishing or increasing at leastone first specific immune reaction directed against: (i) said infectiousagent; or (ii) cells infected with said infectious agent; or (iii) acombination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii) above; and (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune response which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune responsebeing directed toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) cells infectedwith said infectious agent; or (iii) uninfected cells; or (iv) acombination of any of (2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii) above; and (c)managing or treating said subject for graft-versus-host complications.42. The process according to claim 41, wherein said managing or treatingstep (b) comprises a treatment selected from the group consisting ofablation, administration of immunosuppressive compounds, oraltolerization, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
 43. A process oftreating a cancerous subject who has a tumor containing cancerous cells,or who has cancerous cells, said process comprising the steps of: (a)introducing into or administering to said subject one or more specificantigens, said antigen or antigens being capable of: (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed against:(i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii) cancerous cells; or (iii) acombination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii); and (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune reaction which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction, said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said cancer associated antigens; or (ii) saidcancerous cells; or (iii) non-cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of(2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii).
 44. The process according to claim 43,wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administered in asingle dose.
 45. The process according to claim 43, wherein said one ormore antigens are introduced or administered in multiple doses.
 46. Theprocess according to claim 43, wherein said one or more antigens areintroduced or administered in different dosages.
 47. The processaccording to claim 43, wherein said one or more antigens compriseantigens having different epitopes.
 48. The process according to claim43, wherein said one or more antigens are introduced or administeredcontinuously.
 49. The process according to claim 43, wherein said one ormore antigens are introduced or administered intermittently orperiodically.
 50. The process according to claim 43, wherein said one ormore antigens are introduced or administered by a single route.
 51. Theprocess according to claim 43, wherein said one or more antigens areintroduced or administered by at least two different routes.
 52. Theprocess according to claim 43, wherein said one or more antigens areintroduced or administered by a route selected from the group consistingof oral, intravenous, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous,intravaginal, intranasal, mucosal, sublingual, aural, intrabronchial,topical, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, rectal, and combinations of anyof the foregoing.
 53. The process according to claim 43, wherein saidone or more antigens are introduced or administered orally.
 54. Theprocess according to claim 43, further comprising treating said subjectwith other conventional cancer treatments.
 55. A process of treating acancerous subject who has a tumor containing cancerous cells, or who hascancerous cells, said process comprising the steps of: (a) removingimmune cells from said cancerous subject; (b) training or adopting saidremoved cells; (c) introducing into or administering to said subjectsaid immune cells which have been rendered capable of: (1) establishingor increasing at least one first specific immune reaction directedagainst: (i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii) cancerous cells; or(iii) a combination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii); and (2) decreasing at leastone second specific immune reaction which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reactionbeing directed toward: (i) said cancer associated antigens; or (ii) saidcancerous cells; or (iii) non-cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of(2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii).
 56. The process according to claim 55,wherein said training or adopting step has been carried out in asurrogate.
 57. The process according to claim 55, wherein said trainingor adopting step has been carried in vitro.
 58. A process of treating acancerous subject who has a tumor containing cancerous cells, or who hascancerous cells, said process comprising the steps of: (a) removingimmune cells from a trained donor, or from a naive donor wherein saidimmune cells have been trained in a surrogate or in vitro; (b)introducing into or administering to said subject said removed immunecells which have been rendered capable of: (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed against:(i) cancer associated antigens; or (ii) cancerous cells; or (iii) acombination of (1)(i) and (1)(ii); and (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune response which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune responsebeing directed toward: (i) said cancer associated antigens; or (ii) saidcancerous cells; or (iii) non-cancerous cells; or (iii) a combination of(2)(i), (2)(ii) and (2)(iii); and (c) managing or treating said subjectfor graft-versus-host complications.
 59. The process according to claim58, wherein said managing or treating step (b) comprises a treatmentselected from the group consisting of ablation, administration ofimmunosuppressive compounds, oral tolerization, and combinations of anyof the foregoing.
 60. A process for enhancing the immunized state of asubject vaccinated against an infectious agent, said process comprisingthe steps of: (a) introducing into or administering to said subject oneor more specific antigens, said antigen or antigens being capable of:(1) establishing or increasing at least one first specific immunereaction directed against said infectious agent; and (2) decreasing atleast one second specific immune reaction which is different from saidfirst specific immune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immunereaction being directed toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii)uninfected cells; or (iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above.61. A process for enhancing the immunized state of a subject vaccinatedagainst an infectious agent, said process comprising the steps of: (a)removing immune cells from said subject; (b) training or adopting saidremoved cells; (c) introducing into or administering to said subjectsaid immune cells which have been rendered capable of: (1) establishingor increasing at least one first specific immune reaction directedagainst said infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from said first specificimmune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) uninfected cells; or(iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above.
 62. The processaccording to claim 61, wherein said training or adopting step has beencarried out in a surrogate.
 63. The process according to claim 61,wherein said training or adopting step has been carried out in vitro.64. A process for enhancing the immunized state of a subject vaccinatedagainst an infectious agent, said process comprising the steps of: (a)removing immune cells from a trained donor, or from a naive donorwherein said immune cells have been trained in a surrogate or in vitro;(b) introducing into or administering to said subject said removedimmune cells which have been rendered capable of: (1) establishing orincreasing at least one first specific immune reaction directed againstsaid infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least one second specificimmune reaction which is different from said first specific immunereaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction being directedtoward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) uninfected cells; or (iii) acombination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above; and (c) managing or treatingsaid subject for graft-versus-host complications.
 65. The processaccording to claim 64, wherein said managing or treating step (b)comprises a treatment selected from the group consisting of ablation,administration of immunosuppressive compounds, oral tolerization, andcombinations of any of the foregoing.
 66. A process for vaccinating asubject against an infectious agent, said process comprising the stepsof: (a) introducing into or administering to said subject one or morefirst antigens capable of establishing an immune response against saidinfectious agent; and (b) introducing into or administering to saidsubject one or more second specific antigens capable of: (1)establishing or increasing at least one first specific immune reactiondirected against said infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune reaction which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reactionbeing directed toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) uninfectedcells; or (iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above;
 67. Theprocess according to claim 66, wherein said first antigens and saidsecond specific antigens are different antigens or contain differentepitopes.
 68. The process according to claim 66, wherein said firstantigens and said second specific antigens are introduced oradministered by different regimens, dosages or routes.
 69. A process forvaccinating a subject against an infectious agent, said processcomprising the steps of: (a) introducing into or administering to saidsubject one or more first antigens capable of establishing an immuneresponse against said infectious agent; and (b) introducing into oradministering to said subject immune cells capable of: (1) establishingor increasing at least one first specific immune reaction directedagainst said infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from said first specificimmune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) uninfected cells; or(iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above; wherein said immunecells have been removed from said subject and trained or adopted priorto said introducing or administering step (b).
 70. A process forvaccinating a subject against an infectious agent, said processcomprising the steps of: (a) introducing into or administering to saidsubject one or more first antigens capable of establishing an immuneresponse against said infectious agent; (b) introducing into oradministering to said subject immune cells capable of: (1) establishingor increasing at least one first specific immune reaction directedagainst said infectious agent; and (2) decreasing at least one secondspecific immune reaction which is different from said first specificimmune reaction (a)(1), said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward: (i) said infectious agent; or (ii) uninfected cells; or(iii) a combination of (2)(i) and (2)(ii) above; wherein prior to saidintroducing or administering step (b), said immune cells have beenremoved from a trained donor, or from a naive donor wherein said immunecells were trained in a surrogate or in vitro; and (c) managing ortreating said subject for graft-versus-host complications.
 71. Theprocess according to claim 70, wherein said managing or treating step(b) comprises a treatment selected from the group consisting ofablation, administration of immunosuppressive compounds, oraltolerization, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
 72. Atherapeutic composition of matter comprising specific antigens capableof: (1) establishing or increasing at least one first specific immunereaction directed against an infectious agent of interest, cellsinfected with said infectious agent, or both, and (2) decreasing atleast one second specific immune reaction which is different from saidfirst specific immune reaction, said second specific immune reactionbeing directed toward said infectious agent, cells infected with saidinfectious agent, uninfected cells, or a combination of any of saidinfectious agent, said infected cells and said uninfected cells.
 73. Atherapeutic composition of matter comprising trained or adopted immunecells capable of: (1) establishing or increasing at least one firstspecific immune reaction directed against an infectious agent ofinterest, cells infected with said infectious agent, or both, and (2)decreasing at least one second specific immune reaction which isdifferent from said first specific immune reaction, said second specificimmune reaction being directed toward said infectious agent, cellsinfected with said infectious agent, uninfected cells, or a combinationof any of said infectious agent, said infected cells and said uninfectedcells.
 74. A therapeutic composition of matter comprising trained oradopted immune cells capable of: (1) establishing or increasing at leastone first specific immune reaction directed against cancer associatedantigens, cancerous cells, or a combination of said cancer associatedantigens and said cancerous cells; and (2) decreasing at least onesecond specific immune reaction which is different from said firstspecific immune reaction, said second specific immune reaction beingdirected toward said cancer associated antigens; said cancerous cells;non-cancerous cells; or a combination of said cancer associatedantigens, said cancerous cells and said non-cancerous cells.
 75. Atherapeutic composition of matter comprising trained or adopted immunecells capable of: (1) establishing or increasing at least one firstspecific immune reaction directed against cancer associated antigens;cancerous cells; or a combination of said cancer associated antigens andsaid cancerous cells; and (2) decreasing at least one second specificimmune reaction which is different from said first specific immunereaction (1), said second specific immune reaction being directed towardsaid cancer associated antigens; said cancerous cells, non-cancerouscells, and a combination of said cancer associated antigens, saidcancerous cells and said non-cancerous cells.